This paper provides a physical systems
model for the transmission of all forces that appear
to act through a distance in an absolute vacuum, and
for redefining the essence of nuclear particulate
matter. The basic elements of this model are the
existence of isotropic radiant frequencies in free
space and in matter, and matter existing as interference
patterns, distortions or deformations in the linear flows.
Matter's shadowing interactions with
these non particulate radiant spectra cause forces of
attraction and repulsion. A free body in open space is
symmetrically illuminated with this radiant flow, and
as it shields or shadows some of the radiation passing
through it, the resultant forces are also
symmetrically balanced.
As the Earth and planets interact with
the radiation, a shadow is formed around each planet.
A free body drifting into the shadowed radiant space
would be subjected to an unbalanced flow due to the
shadow from below. The radiant flow and force from above is no
longer balanced from below and a resultant unbalanced force or
radiant "pressure" toward Earth acts throughout
the free body. This force is normally called gravity
or " mass attraction ".
In the standard classical concept of matter, the
smallest stable nuclear particles consist of a collection of
multi-layered concentric spinning radiant electromagnetic
energy waves independently existing in empty space. In this
new model of matter and forces the smallest stable nuclear
particles consist of interference patterns in the ever
present isotropic linear radiant individual spectra of space
in the form of standing wave vortices. If it were
possible to shield this new model of a particle from its
individual radiant spectra it would cease to exist, in the
same manner that a water whirlpool will vanish if the water
is removed.
In the standard classical models, if a particle could be
completely shielded from radiant spectra it would continue
to exist in empty space, independent of the infinite
frequency spectrum. In this model empty space cannot exist.
Each and every point in matter and in space in the universe
is completely permeated with the isotropic prime radiation. This radiant spectra is called prime radiation, it
is non particulate and does not have momentum or inertia. It
causes gravity, inertia and electromagnetic radiation, but
it is not electromagnetic radiation.
In the standard classical concept of electromagnetic
radiation, all radiation in space had to originate from some
form of matter. This may be true for the electromagnetic
spectrum. In this model, matter is a distortion or deformation of the
prime radiation and the radiation would continue to exist
without the existence of matter. Yet, matter would cease to
exist without the prime radiation. The source, cause and medium of
the prime radiation frequencies are not proposed in this model.
In early versions of this paper the Prime
Radiation was called Inertial Radiation or Prime Inertial
Radiation. The intent was to demonstrate that this radiant
sea was replacing the common concept of Inertial
Space. The word "inertial" led many readers
to misinterpret the term to mean that the radiation was
particulate and exhibited momentum. This model would not be
able to propose a first cause for inertia if this prime background
radiation or its medium exhibited mass, inertia or momentum. In order to
avoid confusion the term now used is Prime Radiation. A material Aether cannot
exist in this model.
The
most familiar tangibleexample of this Prime radiation is the
Electrostatic ( E ) force field sub-spectra. When a sheet of paper is seen to move under the influence of a charged comb,
we are witnessing one clear and present example of force and motion due to
the all-pervading
Prime force radiation,
Pe, under unbalanced flow conditions.
Physical
systems exist which allow us to actively interact with this E
sub-spectra,
but we are not yet able to interact with the Gravitational subspectra, except
for the passive action-reaction system of propellant discharge. Such empirical
examples as the E force field radiation,... demonstrate that the Prime radiation
and shadowing system is not just a theory,... but is the cause for the local forces
that only appear to be remote forces.
Visual evidence indicating
the existence of this Prime Radiation and its E subspectra is presented in the section, Images
of Radiation Flow.
The force
from the effect of the omni-directional radiant shadow
emanating from a body in isotropic radiant space is exactly
described by the inverse square law for projected area and
or shadow density. For totally black shadows, the potential force at a
distance (R) is directly proportional to the object's
projected shadow area.
104.1
Projected area = Original Area / R squared
From projection geometry, when the distance is doubled,
an object appears one-half as tall and one-half as wide and
therefore has one quarter the apparent original area. Thus,
the inverse square law with distance (R).
For non-black shadow bodies and cases near planet
surfaces where shadow density is the predominant factor, the
shadow density system is the virtual image of the light illuminance system and is described by the same inverse
square law equation.
104.2 Shadow density = Original
Density / RXR
104.3 Light Illuminance = Source Intensity / RXR
It is of interest to note that the two features of the
shadowing effect, projected area and average density, can be
exactly described, simultaneously, by one inverse distance
squared equation.
In this model our normal empirical inverse square laws
for the three force at a distance equations are this unified
force radiant shadow equation. The unbalanced force is
directly proportional to the shadow effect at that point. In
any of the three force systems, objects shadowing the same
radiant frequencies would appear to be attracting each
other, but the unbalanced flow of radiation is the source of
the force.
Each force system equation has its own force constant,
determined by the dimensional units of the system and the
interacting radiant spectral density.
104.4 Electrostatic Force F =
KQ'Q"/RXR
104.5 Gravitational Force F =
GM'M"/RXR
104.6 Magnetic
Force F =
UM'M"/RXR (directional)
Inertial force is treated in a later section of this
paper. The strong force of nucleon attraction appears to be
due to a stream sharing form of shadowing which is different
than this inverse distance squared system and it's homogeneous field of unbalanced
flow.
Sir Isaac Newton's laws of motion, circa 1600's, gave the description of how the force of gravity
varied with distance, following the inverse distance squared
equation, but he did not propose a cause for gravity or inertia in any of his
publications. Although, the following quote, from a private letter to
Robert Boyle,
shows Newton did conceive of a cause for gravity that is essentially the
duplicate of this radiation and shadowing model of remote forces. If
Newton's term "ethereal spirit" is replaced with the term
"prime radiation" in the following quote, the similarity of the
concepts becomes obvious.
Quote "so may the gravitating attraction of the Earth be caused
by the continual condensation of some other suchlike ethereal spirit
[prime radiation]. . . in such a way . . . as to cause it (this spirit)
[prime radiation] from above to descend with great celerity [speed] for a supply; in which descent it may bear down with it the bodies
it pervades, with force proportional to the superficies [surfaces] of
all their parts it acts upon." Unquote
The terms in brackets have been added to the original to aid in the
comparison. It is
satisfying and important to note that Newton's concept, as stated above,
does not propose an Aether consisting of a vibrating particulate material
.
The following statements found in his publication Principia Mathematica does not
mention his above concept when he is discussing a cause for gravity.
Quote "I have not been able to discover the cause of those properties of
gravity from the phenomena, and I frame no hypotheses....it is enough that
gravity does really exist, and act according to the laws which we have
explained, and abundantly serves to account for all the motions of the
celestial bodies".
Unquote
A letter by Sir Newton also expresses his firm opinion opposing the
concept that gravity acted through empty space as an "inherent
property of
matter".
Quote "...that one body may act upon another at a distance through a
vacuum without the mediation of anything else, by and through which
their action and force may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so
great an absurdity that , I believe no man, who has in philosophic
matters a competent faculty of thinking, could ever fall into
it." Unquote
Any radiant flow and shadowing
model of remote force has the obvious inherent physical
characteristics of:
Shielding and,
An upper limit to
the force per unit area available.
Shielding will occur in a
group of objects when some objects are deprived of radiant
flow due to overlapping gray shadows, or black shadows or
streaming of the flow.
An upper limit to the available force
per unit area occurs when all flow is blocked in a
particular force spectrum system by total shielding.
The shadowing feature of remote force within our
planetary system displays the characteristic of modifying
the weight of some planets by shielding. Individual objects
in a system do not necessarily cast only totally black
shadows, if visible, the shadows would have many shades of
gray. As gray shadow objects combine to form a body or
planet, a given diameter is reached where the radiant
spectrum incident on one surface does not reach the other
surface. The shadow it then projects in a single direction
in the solar system would have a black dot in the center and
all shades of gray to the outer circumference of the shadow.
For planets of this diameter, maximum surface gravitational
force is nearly reached. Any remaining increase is due to
additional shadowing of angular rays penetrating the planet
that have vector components parallel to the diameter
path.
Once a planet has achieved sufficient diameter to project
partial black shadows, a portion of any added matter appears
lost to the solar weight system. An example of this matter
shielding characteristic is obtained by considering the
apparent weight of our solar system planets and the planets'
projected shadow areas, given in Table 1. Shielding is most
evident when one plots planetary weight per cross sectional
area vs the projected area, as in FIGURE 1. Weight per
projected cross-sectional area is here abbreviated as
densare, and has the same units as pressure. The total
shadowing effect depends on the average DENSity and AREa of
the shadow, thus the abbreviation DENSARE.
For following comparisons it should be noted that DENSARE
pressure and surface gravity are directly proportional and
related by a constant. The densare graph, FIGURE 1, shows
the densare of the smaller planets is essentially
proportional to diameter. These small bodies are not large
enough to stop all radiation, therefore, their integrated
gray shadow DENSity and shadow AREa are exactly proportional
to the total solar weight, mass and volume of matter. If all
bodies had the same material density as Earth's and the
shielding limit did not exist, all densare data points,
including those for the large planets, would fall on the
curve that relates projected area and volume on this semi log
graph. For planets larger than Earth, total shielding and
maximum radiant flow unbalance occurs. This total shielding
is demonstrated by the plateau on the densare graph for
planets larger than Earth. The densare, force per unit area,
has reached the limit due to total shielding of the
radiation and should be a universal constant for passive
planets.
A radiant shadow
theory suggests that an upper limit of flow unbalance should
exist. It is fortunate that one limit happens to exist
within the planet sizes available in our solar system. Once
this DENSARE limit is reached, planet weight is no longer
proportional to volume but is proportional to projected
shadow area. The projected shadows of the large planets are
completely black in the gravitational spectrum and cannot
respond to increased size by increased shadow darkness via increased density, but
only by increased shadow size. If the exact diameter and
solar system weight for each of the large planets was well
established it appears that the shadow densare values would be a
common constant near, 1.52 X 10 exp 14 tons mass per square mile,
[75.7 X10^6 Lbs mass /Sq Inch] or [86.6 million psi at 1.141 gs
] indicated by the plateau in the graph in
FIG. 1.
This suggests that the "Gas Planets" do not
consist of gas, but consist of the common solar system
gravel mix that exists in all of their surrounding moons and
the remaining solar system planets and moons. The apparent
low density and weight is here attributed to shielding in
the gravitational spectrum. If the large planets were
divided into Earth size portions, the hidden mass and weight
would reappear. Beneath any liquid and cloud layers of these
planets a planetary lander should find a surface structure
just as firm as that found on Venus, Mars and our Moon. A
sphere that consists of 90% gas would not have spots that
remain in the same position and latitude regardless of the
planets rotation. Due to the upper limit of radiation flow the effective
weight of the black shadow planets would not increase if the planets were solid
lead.
In a radiant pressure model it is obvious that the
pressure is due to the radiant flow. Yet the pressure unbalance field results from the
shielding
called DENSARE. The term DENSARE is used to demonstrate the importance of the unseen
shadow DENSity and AREa on the flow unbalance. This system
of unbalanced radiant flow and shadowing is similar to the action and
reaction of applied force and inertia, one cannot exist
without the other.
With this radiant pressure model, the concept of "force
increasing without bounds", as proposed for the existence of
a black hole, is not realistic. Once the spectrum
responsible for the force is totally blocked there is no
further method to increase the force per unit area.
The current classical model of gravity gives no defined
cause for the force. Therefore it is possible to attribute
many features to the classical model such as black holes, warped
space, and big bangs, since there is no defined mechanism
with obvious restraints and upper limits. In any model
without limits one can propose super dense nucleon stars and gravitational black holes
that will swallow the universe. This upper limit of spectral
flow naturally limits the size and force growth of planetary bodies,
otherwise any sun or planet could grow to become a black hole.
The determination of
the constant would be quite straight forward if the large
black shadow planets did not have a gray shadow fringe. The
relative proportion of the gray fringe area and black shadow
area is determined by the material density of the planet's
elements. A measure of the variation in the mix of elements
is shown by the densities of the bodies smaller than earth.
Our moon's density is 3.33 and Earth's is 5.5 with water as
1. Thus a minimum black shadow body, made of the moon's mix
of elements, would have to have a diameter larger than a
minimum black body made of Earth mix. The diameter ratios
would be 5.5 to 3.33. When one neglects the apparently
insignificant fringe areas, only two data points per black
shadow planet are required to determine the densare
constant; projected area and apparent weight. These are
derived from diameter and satellite period,
respectively.
The inaccuracies in the available planet cross sectional
area data, Table 1, is demonstrated by the following
comparisons. Scientific American data yields an area for
Neptune of 730 million square miles.(1) The Time-Life data
yields an area of 607 million square miles. Two aberrant
data points on the constant section of the densare curve
were in error in the original data, and when corrected, fall
very close to the preferred value of 1.52 exp 14 tons per
square mile. The Scientific American data point for Uranus
was apparently in error because of the diameter. With a
given surface gravity of 1.17 times Earth's and a mass 14.6
times Earth's it must have a diameter of 3.53 times Earth's
diameter. The value listed is 4.06 Earth diameters.
Time-Life data gives 3.73 Earth diameters for the diameter
of Uranus. For these reasons, the Scientific American
densare is corrected to agree with its published surface
gravity.
The Time-Life densare of Neptune differs from the favored
Scientific American data by an 8.5% diameter difference. The
Time-Life diameter is equal to the values published early in
this century. The Scientific American data is consistent
with the 1968 occultation measurements of 49,500 km. For
this reason, the Time-Life densare data for Neptune is
corrected to the new diameter.
With these above corrections there is now little spread
in the densare data of nine relatively independent data
points. The densare of the three passive large planets
approach a common physical constant of 1.52 X10 exp 14 tons
mass per square mile.
(1) The necessary data is available in the September 1975
issue of Scientific American and the book "The
Universe," 1962, in the Life Nature Series and is given in
Table No's. 1,2,3,and 4.
The surface
gravity data for the planets also shows the maximum
shielding and limited radiant flow unbalance
phenomenon seen on the planetary densare graph. The
gravity data, Table 2, has had all the gravity values
multiplied by 1.335 for comparison with the densare
data. A separate graph of the surface gravity is not
presented since the normalized surface gravity data is
nearly a duplicate of the densare data. All moons and
planets smaller than Earth have a surface gravity
proportional to their diameter and material
density.
Planets larger than Earth, except Jupiter, have the
limited maximum gravity, regardless of their projected
weight, actual amount of matter, or diameter. The
limited maximum surface gravity in our neighborhood of
space should prove to be a constant for all the black
shadow non-radiating planets. The gravity limit occurs
when a planet's diameter is large enough to shield all
radiant flow from below and the maximum flow unbalance
results at the surface. An object on the surface has
equal balanced maximum flow from every compass point
on the horizon and has maximum flow from overhead, but
no radiant flow from below. Maximum surface
gravitational force due to maximum radiant flow
unbalance occurs with a planetary diameter of
approximately 1.17 times that of Earth's. In our solar
system the planets that are large enough to block all
radiation should have the same maximum surface gravity
of approximately 1.14 times that of Earth's.
The
Infinite Plane Effect: An infinite plane that is thick enough to create a
black shadow would have the maximum gravitational
pressure at its surface. Since it is an infinite
plane, it would also have the same maximum
gravitational pressure at any distance from the plane.
Of course, none of our planets are large enough to be
considered an infinite plane at a distance. Yet, near
the surface of large planets such as Saturn, an
infinite plane effect may occur, where gravity does
not decrease per the 1/R squared ratio because the
projected area would not decrease per the 1/R squared
ratio. The Black Shadow path Length, LBS, for earth
mix has been calculated to be 4,800 miles. The
diameter of Saturn is 72,300 miles. This would bring
the black shadow as seen from the surface of Saturn
within 4 degrees below the horizon. Thus, the apparent
cross sectional area at the surface is larger than the
true equatorial cross section that would be projected
at a distance. Therefore gravity may remain nearly
constant at the limit, for some distance above the
surface.
Orbital mechanics dictates that if gravity is
constant with distance some peculiar orbit periods and
radii for moons and rings of black shadow planets will
result. Satellites with orbits close to the surface of
these large planets would have wandering orbit paths,
erratic periods and the periods would indicate a
larger weight for the planet than satellites in remote
orbits. The wandering orbit feature may account for
the width and existence of the rings.
Jupiter's moons exhibit erratic periods with
variations of 3 to 6 minutes, per the Jupiter section
of the British astronomical society (Mens B.A.A.
8-83). At a given distance above the surface, the
projected cross sectional area of the black shadow
would approach the true cross sectional area of the
planet. The gravitational pressure would then decrease
with distance in proportion to the normal inverse
square law for projected shadows. Since the black
shadow of Earth is a large percentage (63.4%) of the
total projected area, it is possible that the infinite
plane effect may be evident to some small degree in
our satellites orbits. This would cause satellites
close to Earth to have a shorter period than expected
in comparison to the period and distance of the Moon's
orbit. The probe currently approaching Jupiter, if
properly instrumented, should be able to measure and
demonstrate the infinite plane effect, where gravity
increases faster than the 1/R squared formula near the
planet.
There are two unexplained exceptions to this gravity limit and mass shielding
phenomenon in our solar system: The Sun and Jupiter. They both "appear" to have
a solar system weight significantly larger than that predicted by their cross-sectional area and the gravity limit rule. Yet, their weight does not
equal that predicted by their volume and an average mix of solar system
elements. This indicates that some form of shielding does exist.
This also indicates that the magnetic energy structures
associated with these bodies may shadow the gravitational spectrum
and cause the "apparent" extra solar system weight. The
Sun and Jupiter should have the same maximum projected DENSARE
as that demonstrated by the other large planets and the gravity
limit rule.
It is known that both of these bodies radiate
significant energy in spectrums that present
technology can detect. Jupiter radiates approximately
twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Since
these bodies radiate energy, it follows that they also
absorb more radiance in other spectral ranges than the
passive planets. This additional inflow may cause
entrainment in the gravitational spectrum that would
result in an effective shadow area larger than the
actual physical cross-sectional area. Occultation
measurements with the sun and planets indicate
refraction of light near the sun. This may be giving a
false indication of its actual size. Some form of
refraction may also be occurring in the prime
spectrum.
