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Light Speed versus Special Relativity
Portuguese
by A Weber
Danish by E Solbakken
PDF Version
German Version
Click on image to obtain full size chart.
Photo: Jupiter, Io left, Europa. via NASA/JPL
ABSTRACT A
Public Domain article.
This paper reviews the available speed of light (c) measurements
of 1994 AD that demonstrate speed variations of inter-planetary light as
measured relative to the motion of:... planets, satellites, the solar system, and the Milky Way
galaxy.
The idea that light from a remote source maintains a constant speed (c) relative
to
all observers regardless of their differing speeds and directions, as
proposed by the theory of Special
Relativity, is shown to be incompatible with the characteristics of light's speed
demonstrated by the 1994 AD data, analysis and charts of Io's eclipse
timing.
The one single fact that demonstrates that light speed is not constant to all observers is
the "1003 second delay" in Io's eclipse
timing,... as discovered by Danish Scientist Roemer 1676 AD.
The given facts in this analysis are:
- The light from Jupiter takes 1003 seconds to cross from the near point of
Earth's orbit to the far point at the finite speed of 300,000 km/sec,
(c) in relation to Jupiter.
- It is known that Earth takes about 200 days to make this same trip. The
Earth's average retreating speed in relation to Jupiter is 17.361 km/sec.
- When two things race between two points at the same time at differing
speeds,... they have a relative speed that is equal to the difference between
the highest and lowest speed. Therefore the average relative speed is
approx. 300,000 minus 17.361 km/sec. Cont.
LS 1 / 27
Abstract, Cont.
Conclusion:...This relative velocity
between the retreating Earth and the Jupiter / Io light train is not
constant at 300,000 km/sec, and
therefore,...light does not maintain a constant speed (c), relative to all
observers,... as postulated by Albert Einstein.
In order to promote the widest possible distribution of this
Light Speed versus Special Relativity article, the content authored by
Stanley Byers is granted to be in the public domain.
The remainder of this paper presents extensive detailed data and graphs
supporting this conclusion, but it can be seen that Roemer's 1003 second delay in
Io's eclipse event timing is the single data point that clearly demonstrates
that it is not possible for the light speed in the intervening space to be constant
at (c) in relation to the retreating Earth,... but of course it remains constant
at (c) in relation to Jupiter.
Roemer, many other astronomers and NASA have
established that the eclipse period of Io in relation to
the Sun line to Jupiter is 152,915.9 seconds. The important
point concerning this period is the fact that it does not vary.
If the Earth could linger at the near point to Jupiter, it could be observed that
Io's timing in crossing the Sun line to Jupiter does not vary over the
years. It would make a very accurate clock for Sun dwellers.
When the Earth starts it's orbit and is leaving the near point,... if the speed of light remained constant relative
to the Earth, then:
- the timing of Io's period as observed from the Earth would not change,... regardless
of the longitudinal speed of the Earth relative to Jupiter.
- All succeeding eclipse events observed during movement would remain in timing synchronism with the events as
observed at the stationary near point.
- If this were true, then there would have been no 1003
second accumulated delay for Roemer to record.
If the mechanics of the phrase,... [ if
the speed of light remained constant relative to the Earth, then
the
observed timing of Io's period would not change ],...
is not completely clear, the reader will not be able to understand the main
argument of this Light Speed versus Special Relative paper.
A second concept which is also critical to
understanding the argument is,... [ you cannot separate the speed and
timing of the eclipse event image from the speed of the light. ]
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LS 2
Accuracy in measuring the eclipse timing
and accuracy in the graphs demonstrating the changes of the eclipse
period timing is not critical nor required to validate this argument.
The single elementary fact that Roemer's 1003 second
delay exists,... makes the second postulate of Special Relativity impossible.
Without the second postulate of Special Relativity there is no
known foundation or justification for the continued existence and / or
advocacy of the Special Relativity and General Relativity Gravitational theories, and
their publicly supported educational programs and investigative projects.
This paper is an extension of the work available on the web page
"Radiant Pressure Model of Remote Force". A review
of the section titled "The Variable Speed of Light"
may aid in perusing this article.
Papers by others with data demonstrating the falsification of Special
Relativity are found at the following links:
Prof. Dingle shows time dilation of SRT to be untenable. 1971 AD
http://blog.hasslberger.com/Dingle_SCIENCE_at_the_Crossroads.pdf .
G. Wallace, radar data gives light speed as c + v. 1969 AD
http://www.ekkehard-friebe.de/wallace.htm
Nasa JPL, Correcting for data Doppler shift with motion. 2004 AD
IEEE Spectrum ***
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Light's Variable Speed
Relative to Observers in Motion
In our experience with the speed of sound in air
including the Doppler effect, we have found that the speed of sound through the air is independent of the
relative speed between source and receiver. The speed of sound is constant only
in relation to the homogenous medium, through which it is traveling. Sound
travels as a longitudinal resonance wave within the physical properties of its
medium.
Circa 1676 Olaf Roemer's Io eclipse timing measurements
demonstrated that the speed of
light is not infinite. Prior to this discovery it was a popular belief that
light's speed was infinite. Using the eclipse period timing of Jupiter's moon
Io, Roemer found that light took approximately 1000 seconds to cross the 300
million kilometer diameter of the earth's orbit, indicating a speed of about
300,000 km/sec.
Thereafter it was
assumed that interplanetary light traveled at (c) through a medium of
infinitesimal material particles. This all pervading medium was called the
Aether (ether). The speed of light was assumed to be constant in relation to
this material Aether of space, in the same manner that the speed of sound is constant relative
to its medium. This material Aether was visualized as
pervading all planets, objects and space in its entirety . Therefore it was assumed that due to the
orbital speed of the Earth, that light from space would show a measurable
change in speed depending on the direction of the Earth's motion through this
presumed stationary material "Aether". It also seemed reasonable that
the light speed perpendicular to the direction of the Earth's motion would
always remain at c, ( 300,000 km/sec ).
In ~1887 Michelson and Morley performed a famous experiment
where they compared the speed of local light in the direction of Earth's velocity to
the speed of light transverse to the Earth's motion. They found that the
motion of the Earth had no effect on the velocity of local light,... relative to
the Earth and within its cloak of atmosphere and secondary radiation. The surprising
results of this local experiment were widely and erroneously extrapolated to a
belief that all of light, including light from non local sources in space, also traveled at the constant
c,...
"relative to the observing location". In parallel with this
development the theory
of Special Relativity was published circa 1905, with main tenets that included
the concept that not only local light, but that all of light in space,...
traveled at c,... " in relation to the observer",... regardless of the observers
velocity in relation to the source.
***
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The following list of Special Relativity Theory advocates is presented to
demonstrate how extensively the acceptance of the theory has propagated through
the physical science community.
** National Academy of Science The following quotes are from the book GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS by
the Committee on Gravitational Physics of the
National Research Council and the
National Academy of Science. It is clearly evident by this book
that the Committee on Gravitational Physics is a strong advocate of
Special and General Relativity and is advising that our government
should continue funding research in support of Einstein's theory of relativity.
Unfortunately the committee did not publish a list of their dissenters and their opinions
for this
study.
Selected Quotes:
Quote 1 The National Academy of
Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars
engaged in science and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of
science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a
mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and
technical matters.
GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS Exploring the
Structure of Space and Time
Committee on Gravitational Physics
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications
National Research Council
Quote 2 National Academy of Science The committee's work was
supported by grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy.
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report
was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose
members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, The
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of
the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special
competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
Quotes Cont.
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Quote 3
National Academy of Science
II.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PAST DECADE
The theory of gravity proposed by Isaac Newton
more than 300 years ago provides a unified explanation of how objects fall and
how planets orbit the Sun. But Newton's theory is not consistent with
Einstein's 1905 principle of special relativity. In 1915, Einstein proposed a
new, relativistic theory of gravity--general relativity. When gravity is weak
---for example, on Earth or elsewhere in the solar system---general
relativity's corrections to Newton's theory are tiny. But general relativity
also predicts new strong--gravity phenomena such as gravitational waves,
black
holes, and the big bang that are quantitatively and qualitatively different
from those accounted for in Newtonian gravity. Modern gravitational physics
focuses on these new phenomena and on high--precision tests of general
relativity. END of Quotes
The NAS book is recommended for relativity believers only. The
bold treatment of text in the above has been added by this
author to bring attention to the committee's lack of a balanced pro and con
presentation of the relativity argument.
From Quote 2 above it is seen that the committee's work was
supported by grant$ of (We the People's money) through the
following (We the People's civil servants),... National Aeronautics and
$pace Administration,
the National $cience Foundation, and the U.$. Department of Energy.
~ $ ~
In a democratic republic established for the people and by the
people,...the public's representatives ( civil servants, i.e. the U.S. Government, NASA, DOD, DOE, and the NSF and
Universities ) should not be granting We the People's money to
the unbalanced promotion of :
books, studies, experimental programs and the teaching of one hundred year old unproven theories that
have no foundation in facts. The glaring error in the
foundation of Special and General Relativity is clearly revealed by the
hard data fact that Roemer's 1003 second delay in the Jupiter / Io
eclipse timing,...is true,...and is still measureable today. Light Speed
is not constant relative to all observers regardless of their speed
relative to the source.
The Pro Relativity book, GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS, is
available for online reading, download and purchase via these
links from the National Academy of Science.
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9680.html
A Contradictory view of Relativity is presented by this "Light Speed versus
Special Relativity" paper.
Continued
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Special Relativity Advocates, Cont.
** An indication of the amount of TAX money that has
been spent and is being spent on testing and studying and teaching relativity
theories is obtained by performing a Google search on the terms:
[ Gravity Probe B ] and another search on [ LIGO ].
Quote Welcome to
the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) research group of the University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM).
LIGO is an
ambitious national project funded by the National
Science Foundation ,NSF, to detect and study the gravitational waves emitted by
astrophysical objects. The UWM LSC group is part of the
UWM Center for Gravitation and
Cosmology and is an active member of the LSC
working on data analysis and computing for the LIGO experiment. The UWM LSC
Group is supported by NSF grants PHY 0200852, PHY 0421416, and PHY 0079683; any
opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this
material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of
the NSF.
Unquote, From
http://www.lsc-group.phys.uwm.edu/
** A quote from Matthew Chalmers' article in Physics World January 2005, "Five Papers That Shook The World" , provides another view of this
Special Relativity theory.
Quote: True to style, Einstein swept
away the concept of the ether (which in any case had not been detected
experimentally) in one audacious step. He postulated that no matter how fast
you are moving, light will always appear to travel at the same
velocity:-- the speed of light is a fundamental constant of nature
that cannot be exceeded.
Combined with the requirement that the laws of physics are identical in all
"inertial" (i.e. non-accelerating) frames, Einstein built a
completely new theory of motion that revealed Newtonian mechanics to be an
approximation that only holds at low, everyday speeds. The theory later became
known as the special theory of relativity, - special
because it applies only to non-accelerating frames - and led to the
realization that space and time are intimately linked to one
another. Unquote
** The book, Princeton Guide to Advanced Physics, publishes another view as:
The Postulates of Special Relativity, pg 169.
Quote: All observers, even when in uniform relative
motion, will find the same value c for the speed of light in empty
space. Unquote Cont.
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** The following quote from Steven Hawking's famous book
"A Brief History of Time", page 20, provides another
description of the concepts contained in Einstein's Special Theory of
Relativity.
Quote: The fundamental postulate of the
theory of relativity, as it was called, was that the laws of science should be
the same for all freely moving observers, no matter what their speed. This was
true for Newton's laws of motion, but now the idea was extended to include
Maxwell's theory and the speed of light:...all observers should
measure the same speed of light, no matter how fast they are moving. Unquote
** Britannica's web site provides the following quote about Special Relativity.
Quote: Since he (Einstein) believed in (and
experiment confirmed) the (extended) principle of relativity,
which meant that one cannot, by any means, including the use of light waves,
distinguish between two inertial frames in uniform relative motion, Einstein
chose to give up the Galilean transformations and replaced them with the
Lorentz Transformations. Unquote
From
http://www.britannica.com
** Wikipedia's entry under the heading "Speed of Light" is
abstracted in the following quote:
Quote: The speed of light in
vacuum is now viewed as a fundamental physical constant. This postulate,
together with the principle of relativity that all inertial frames are
equivalent, forms the basis of Einstein's theory of special relativity.
According to the currently prevailing definition, adopted in 1983, the speed of
light is exactly 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 3×108 metres per
second, or about 30 centimetres (1 foot) per nanosecond).
Experimental evidence has shown that the speed of light is independent of the
motion of the source. It has also been confirmed experimentally that
the two-way speed of light (for example from a source, to a mirror, and back
again) is constant. It is not, however, possible to measure the one-way speed of
light (for example from a source to a distant detector) without some convention
as to how clocks at the source and receiver should be synchronized. Einstein
(who was aware of this fact) postulated that the speed of light should be taken
as constant in all cases, one-way and two-way.
Unquote From:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light Cont.
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Special Relativity Advocates Cont.
** The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center's web site gives the following opinions regarding Special Relativity.
Quote: Theoretical Basis for Special Relativity.
Einstein's theory of special relativity results from two statements -- the
two basic postulates of special relativity:
1. The speed of light is the same for all observers, no matter what their
relative speeds.
2. The laws of physics are the same in any inertial (that is,
non-accelerated) frame of reference.
This means that the laws of physics
observed by a hypothetical observer traveling with a relativistic particle
must be the same as those observed by an observer who is stationary in the
laboratory.
Given these two statements, Einstein showed how definitions of momentum and
energy must be refined and how quantities such as length and time must change
from one observer to another in order to get consistent results for physical
quantities such as particle half-life. To decide whether his postulates
are a correct theory of nature, physicists test whether the predictions of
Einstein's theory match observations. Indeed many such tests have been made --
and the answers Einstein gave are right every time ! Unquote.
From
http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/relativity.html
** The Physics FAQ found on the web provides another
view.
Quote : It is a basic postulate of the theory of relativity that
the speed of light is constant. This can be broken down into two
parts:
1) The speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer.
2) The speed of light does not vary with time or place.
To state that the speed of light is independent of the velocity of the
observer is very counterintuitive. Some people even refuse to accept
this as a logically consistent possibility, but in 1905 Einstein was able to
show that it is perfectly consistent if you are prepared to give up
assumptions about the absolute nature of space and time.
Updated 1997 by Steve Carlip.
Original by Philip Gibbs 1996. Unquote From,
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/speed_of_light.html
Continued
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Special Relativity Advocates Cont.
** Werner Heisenberg's book Physics and Philosophy (pg. 114) provides his
opinion about Special Relativity:
Quote: The decisive step, however, was taken in the paper
by Einstein in 1905 in which he established the "apparent" time of
the Lorentz transformation as the "real" time and abolished what had
been called the "real" time by Lorentz. This was a change in the
very foundations of physics; an unexpected and very radical change that
required all the courage of a young and revolutionary genius. Unquote
The level of detail used in the above review of relativity advocates may seem
excessive to readers familiar with this issue, but the list of quotes included
above is just a small sample demonstrating the popularity of the Special
Relativity theory. Notice of the existence of:
Universities, Government Science institutions or College and High School text
books that propose
concepts which refute the above quoted interpretations of Special Relativity
(SR) will be
appreciated and acknowledged on this forum. The intention here is to provide enough detail, data and transparency to allow those with
opposing opinions to easily use this same material from the "Earth / Jupiter / Io"
scenario, to challenge and demonstrate with specificity, the logic of :
- Einstein's SR postulate,... Quote "There exists a coordinate
system with respect to which every light ray propagates in vacuum with the
velocity c". Unquote,... from Einstein's 1912 SR
manuscript.
- Their reconciliation of the SR postulate with the opposite conclusions
indicated by this data.
- The changes necessary in this accounting that will bring this Jupiter / Io data into agreement
with SR.
In the vast world wide web and available publications there may be records of
:
- Articles
that interpret Einstein's Special Relativity theory in a manner that provides
agreement with Roemer's data.
- Experiments and analysis by others that appear to demonstrate that free space light
speed is not dependent on the velocity of the source.
However,... limited searches by this author have not revealed
such information ! Continued
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Special Relativity Advocates Cont.
Citations or notice of links to such information, especially from
any SR or GR relativity advocates,... professors,... researchers,... Physics text
book authors,... U.S. Government agencies,... Grant Authorities,... Universities,...
The National Academy of Sciences,... Gravity Probe B project managers,... and LIGO project managers,...will be appreciated and promptly acknowledged on this forum.
***
An analysis of light's speed in relation to the motion of Earth is given here
by reviewing Roemer's discovery and charting Io's 1994 AD eclipse data available from
Astronomy On Line's web site. Olaf Roemer's measurements of 1676 AD demonstrated a finite value for the
speed of light through interplanetary space. Roemer noticed that the eclipse
event timing for Jupiter's moon Io was delayed approximately 1000 seconds when
the Earth was at its farthest point from Jupiter in comparison to the event
timing measured at the closest point in Earth's orbit. With the current
knowledge of the diameter of Earth's orbit at approximately 300 million km,
Roemer's delay of 1003 sec. indicates that Sun light reflected from
Jupiter travels through space in
relation to Jupiter at a speed of 299,103 km per second, (c).
During Earth's orbital trip from the point nearest to Jupiter (opposition),
to the farthest point (conjunction), the moon Io completes 113 eclipse cycles as
timed at the near point. If this is an exact calculation then the last
eclipse event image, number 113 is crossing the near point when the Earth is at the
mathematical far point. This last event will not be observed in the vicinity of
the far point (conjunction) for another 1003 seconds (16.7 minutes). Many books and reviewers
of this phenomenon list the time for Earth's journey from the near point to the
far point as 200 days and equate this to 113 Io eclipse event periods as observed at
the near point.
NASA's JPL Labs provides data listing a mathematical time period of
152,853.5 seconds (~1.77 days) for
Io's sidereal revolution. Io's eclipse revolution time is 152,915.9
seconds , which is 62.4 seconds longer than the sidereal revolution time, due to
the relative motion of the Sun line.
The argument about the velocity of Io in orbit does not need to be considered.
You can consider the shadow of Io cast on the surface of Jupiter when Io crosses
the Sun line,... as representing the timed event. The change in period per Io
revolution will remain the same, The only two velocities that need to be considered are "c" and the longitudinal velocity of Earth, both in
relation to Jupiter and Jupiter's inertial reference frame.
***
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In order to clarify the issues of this argument we will linearize the
arithmetic by assuming to take a spacecraft trip from Earth at the near point,
following the diameter to the
future far point. This constant longitudinal speed will be set to equal the
Earth's average longitudinal
speed when retreating in relation to Jupiter. In this scenario the spacecraft will
rendezvous with
the
Earth at the far point after 113 periods elapse (~200 days) plus the 1003
second delay. The 113th event and the spacecraft will arrive at the far point with Roemer's famous 1003 second delay. The
longitudinal distance traveled relative to Jupiter is the diameter of the
Earth's orbit, ...~300 million km. Therefore Earth's retreating longitudinal trip of 300 million
km in
113 orbit periods (~200 days), requires an average speed of 17.36 km per second in relation to Jupiter. The Earth only moves in its orbit
approximately one hundredth of a degree during the 1003 second delay. Therefore
assuming that the far point and the intercept point for the 113 eclipse event
are the same does not introduce any significant error.
Since the diameter distance of 300 million km is evenly divided by the constant
speed of the spacecraft , the distance from the start (near point) to the point for the
first observed
eclipse event will be the total distance, divided by the number of Io eclipse
periods, 113. This places the point of observation, for the first eclipse
observed by the spacecraft in motion,... at 2.6549 million km from the near point.
The time accounting tells us that if there are 113 Io eclipse orbits
during this trip, and the last eclipse event is observed and measured to be 1003
seconds later than predicted,... therefore at the half way point in distance for the
linear trip the delay must have been about 501.5 seconds. Continuing with this
accounting, the first observed eclipse after leaving the near point
on the linear trip, must have exhibited a delay of 8.876 seconds. This is obtained
by dividing the total delay of 1003 seconds by the
total 113 eclipse observations.
When a light beam is interrupted by a toothed wheel, it is never assumed that
the dark sections do not travel at the same speed as the light. In fact many
light speed experiments use this obvious physical phenomenon to measure the
speed of light. With the same reasoning it appears obvious that images
transported by a light beam have to travel at the same speed as the light beam.
Movie projectors provide examples of the application of this physical phenomenon. When
this reasoning is applied to the images of Io's eclipse events, it does not seem
possible to question the fact that the event images travel at the same speed as
their constituent light. If there is a Doppler effect for the frequency of the
light, there will also have to be a Doppler effect for events or digital
information,.. and visa versa.
It is necessary that this mutual relationship, between these two Doppler phenomena,... is clear
to the reader for understanding the main argument of this paper.
Continued
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Roemer's 1003 Second Delay Cont.
Now if the spacecraft leaves Earth at the near point and at
the observation of an eclipse event, then the time to the next observed eclipse
event will be 8.876 seconds longer than a stationary period, as calculated above.
The near point and Jupiter have no relative velocity, therefore
the train of light imaging Io's eclipse events is traveling at c in relation
to:.. Jupiter, and the near point and the first rendezvous point. .
When the next eclipse event passes the near point with the speed of c, it will continue toward
the rendezvous with the spacecraft, and it will take
light 8.876 seconds to cover the 2.6549 million km to reach the first rendezvous
point. This, of course, is the reason for the delay observed by the
spacecraft in motion.
Since the light speed, c, in relation to Jupiter is 299,103 km/s , and the
spacecraft speed in relation to Jupiter is 17.361 km/sec,... this results in an
average reduced relative
speed of 299,085.6 km/sec. between the eclipse event image motion and the
spacecraft motion.
If
the speed of the train of light and events from Jupiter was not reduced in relation to the
retreating Earth, succeeding observations of eclipse events would remain in synchronism
with the observations of the near point. How could a station 2.6549 million
miles further from Jupiter observe an eclipse event at the same time that it is
observed at the near point?
The only way there could exist an absence of an observed delay during
motion,... would be if the light speed was infinite.
There would be no delays
during the 200 day retreating movement, and the accumulation of 113 individual
delays to equal the total 1003 second delay would not occur. Therefore there
would not be a 1003 second delay to be
manifested at the far point.
Of course Roemer's 1003 second delay of 1676 AD exists,... and is still measurable
today. For 300 plus years this delay has been demonstrating that light from Jupiter exhibits a
reduced speed in relation to the retreating motion of Earth. On Earth's return trip a
proportionately higher relative light speed will be exhibited as Earth
approaches Jupiter. Upon returning to the near point,... Io's observed events will again be in phase synchronism with
the previous eclipse events at the near point.
With the light and the space craft racing to
the same point at their different speeds,... how is it possible to subscribe to
the concept of Special Relativity (SR) that states that the relative light speed does
not decrease with changing motion. Furthermore, on Earth's return trip the relative speed
will be greater than
the "upper limit and constant speed of light" of SR.
***
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There exists an argument that attributes the period
changes which occur during Earth's orbit to the changing line of sight angle for
viewing the eclipse events. If this argument were true the maximum changes in
the length of the observed period would occur during the orbital positions when
the Earth's motion is transverse to the line of sight to
Jupiter. The following graphs plot the changing delay time from actual eclipse
data recorded for a retreating and approaching orbital trip. It is seen from the following graphs that the maximum changes in the
length of the observed period occur during the orbital positions that provide the highest relative
longitudinal velocity
between the two planets.
When the Earth is nearest to Jupiter during Earth's
orbital trip,... Earth's motion is transverse to the line of sight to Jupiter.
At this point of Earth's orbital travel, it is observed that the orbital period
of Jupiter's moon Io is essentially the same as the JPL's published eclipse
revolution period of 152,915.9758 seconds. Since there is no relative longitudinal
motion between the two planets at this near point in Earth's orbit, the speed of the eclipse light train periods is
taken to be 300,000 km/sec, c, in relation to both planets. If the Earth could remain
at this nearest point for a few orbits of Io it would be found that each succeeding
eclipse event would occur with the same predictable period.
***
As the Earth starts its orbit and leaves the point nearest to Jupiter
there arises an
increasing longitudinal velocity between the two planets.
As the light train speed is reduced relative to the
retreating Earth, and remains at c in relation to Jupiter, there will be a measurable increasing delay in the events
as observed from Earth. The following graphs display the changing delays in event timing
(changing period) in relation to the changing longitudinal
velocity as the Earth
retreats from and approaches toward Jupiter.
Continued
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LS 14
Charting Io's Eclipse Data
Cont
When the Earth retreats from Jupiter the relative longitudinal speed
increases to its maximum which is approximately the orbital speed of Earth
(29.79 km/sec). This maximum occurs when Earth has traveled through
approximately one quarter of its orbit. Since this velocity is nearly
one hundredth of one percent ( 1 X 10^-4 ) of the speed of light,... the light
train traveling past the moving Earth will appear slower by this same
percentage. Since the relative light speed is slower it follows that the
apparent time period between eclipse events will necessarily be longer by the
same percentage. Taking one hundredth of one percent of the eclipse period of
152,916 seconds gives the period a maximum elongation of 15.29 seconds. The
charts of eclipse period elongations and reductions are given below which show
this period change. Each of these maximum period changes is an independent
measurement of the one way speed of light, following Roemer's
1676 AD example.
These charts were derived from the eclipse event observation records provided
on the web by Astronomy On-Line at the URL
http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/aol/ or
http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/aol/market/experiments/advanced/skills302.html
These Astronomy On-Line
records as used in the Excel format are also available on this web site on
the page Astronomy On Line Data Excel,
When this Earth / Jupiter / Io scenario is analyzed
with the concept of Special Relativity in mind, it is obvious that the light train leaving Jupiter
does not arrive at a retreating Earth with a constant speed of c in relation to Earth. However, once a light
beam from Jupiter enters the Earth's cloak of atmosphere and secondary radiation,...
it's
locally measured speed between two points becomes c in relation to Earth. This has no
influence on the Doppler frequency changes and the Doppler
period changes which are caused by the relative
speed changes due to Earth's orbital velocity referenced to Jupiter and the eclipse light train.
If our atmosphere exhibited a local light speed radically different then c, such
as that speed change which occurs in water, Roemer's
delay would still be evident.
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LS 16
When reviewing these charts it must be recognized that only the shape of the
curve is needed to demonstrate the main point:...the maximum timing change occurs during
Earths maximum longitudinal speed (29.79 km/sec) in relation to Jupiter.
Link to Astronomy
On Line Data Excel, for the above charts.
Web site link
Astronomy On Line Data
These charts are generated by producing a moving average of an incomplete set
of eclipse events. A complete record of a set of 113 eclipse events is not
available due to the line of sight interference by the Sun. The moving average is obtained with the trend line sub-program
available in the MS Excel spreadsheet program. The chart lines would not be
offset and would intercept the zero second delay line at the near and far
points, except for the absence of data points and the averaging characteristic
of the sub-program. The absolute values shown on the changing delay chart should
not be used for precise representations of the actual delays corresponding to
Earth's actual orbital positions. The data points were not recorded to the
second, so this necessitated the use of a moving average plot to obtain the actual trend.
The 1994 AD data sets used from Astronomy On Line were checked against the scattered
data points available from the Galilean Satellite Eclipse Timing Data. The citation for this data is "Galilean Satellite Eclipse Timing Data by
A. Mallama, P. Nelson, J. Park, D. Collins, and B. Krobusek, 2003,
http://www.amsmeteors.org/mallama/galilean/timings.html
No discrepancies
were found between the two data sources.
Citations and links to the supporting data sources have been included in
order to encourage and aid other researchers to replicate this article. If any
researchers wish to obtain the Excel files containing the data and charts used
to produce this article, please email a request to sbyers11@comcast.net
. The original data from Astronomy On Line as converted to Excel format is
now ( 4/8/2007) available at this web site page Astronomy
On Line Data, All reviews, alternate views, and comments are welcome.
Approximately 100 years have passed since the theory of Special Relativity
(SR) appeared in 1905. The SR postulate that the velocity of light is constant
in all inertial systems implied the necessity to revise the ideas of
length, time and simultaneity. The data provided here indicates that this
postulate is not compatible with the actual characteristics of light. This empirical
data demonstrates that the speed of emitted light is
isotropic and at c in relation to the source, and the observed light speed
will be modified depending on the relative motion of the observer and the
source. Newton's, Faraday's and Maxwell's concepts of physical systems, length,
time, simultaneity, radiation and energy remain unchanged when the system of
light (EM) transportation is recognized to function as the above data
demonstrates.
***
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In reviewing the data demonstrating that emitted light is isotropic from a
moving source, it becomes necessary to propose a medium that moves with the
source. This requirement eliminates the possibility of a material medium
consisting of ultra mundane particles. The non EM Prime Force background
radiation (Pf) as described in the article "Radiant Pressure Model of Remote Force" provides the transport medium for inertia and light. EM radiation,
including light, is propagated as a resonance within the non EM Prime Force
radiation (Isotropic E field radiation frequencies) .
Our total Solar system has a motion referenced to sidereal space (star
background) due to the rotation with the Milky Way. Due to the different
Solar system orbits speeds of Earth and Jupiter, there will be times when
Jupiter leads Earth and times when Earth leads Jupiter relative to the direction
of our sidereal motion. In spite of our system's Milky Way sidereal
motion,...
the light from Jupiter remains at c in relation to Jupiter. If this were not so
we would measure different speeds for light depending on the line of
sight orientation with the Milky Way motion. Consequently the
light emanating from a non accelerating source object is at c, and isotropic in relation to the
source,... regardless of the speed and direction of the source in relation to other systems. The average published speed of our solar system in its trip around the Milky
Way is 220 km/sec. This is almost 10 times faster than the Earth's orbital speed
(29.79 km/sec) within the solar system.
A second example of this isotropic velocity phenomenon is the Earth Moon system. Whether
the Moon is leading or trailing the Earth in its orbit, the same velocity of
Earth shine light will exist arriving at the Moon.
This fact disputes the intuitive and SR concept that light
must travel through a medium and have a constant speed relative to this medium. It appears that for light to exist as a phenomenon
of a background medium, each planet and Sun must have a medium that moves with it. This appears like an impossibility for a material medium,... however it is
a
reasonable concept for a Prime Force (Pf) radiation medium with a near infinite frequency spectrum.
***
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In summary, this review of available data demonstrates that these
characteristics for light exist, when it is acknowledged that the Doppler effect for
light cannot be independent of the Doppler effect for the event images which are
propagated
with the light :
- Light speed is isotropic and at c only relative to its non-accelerating
source.
- There is no known speed limit for light relative to space or remote
objects.
These characteristics are in direct opposition to the apparent concept from Einstein's 1912 manuscript for
Special Relativity page 56:
Quote "There exists a coordinate
system with respect to which every light ray propagates in vacuum with the
velocity c". Unquote.
This author's interpretation of this statement, which corresponds with the
interpretations quoted by the Special Relativity Advocates listed above in this
paper,
is as follows:
- The vacuum is taken to be the "one vacuum" of the complete and
"one uni-verse". This vacuum is also characterized by terms such
as Inertial space, Sidereal space, Fixed Star Field space, and Outer space.
- The terms "a coordinate system" is not taken to mean a
separate Inertial frame for each emitting object or observer.
- Now according to Einstein's constant c statement:... as light is
emitted from Jupiter it will have a constant speed of c in relation
to the vacuum and all observers, regardless of the sidereal
motion of Jupiter or the relative motion of any observers.
This is obviously an extremely counter intuitive concept, and is the only
concept that this paper "Light Speed versus Special
Relativity" was designed to address.
***
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When one searches the web for the term [Special Relativity] it is found that
there are groups and schools that embrace Special Relativity,... but interpret
Einstein's statement to mean that the speed of light in free space is not
constant, and travels at c
in relation to it's source.
If Einstein's constant c statement is interpreted in
this manner for these ad hoc versions of SR,... then there is no reason for the existence of Special Relativity,
and there would be no conflict with the charts of this paper. You cannot
formulate Einstein's versions of the Relativities without his basic constant
light speed tenet. The Jupiter / Io
data and charts demonstrate that light has a closing speed for an observer
( c' ) that depends on the relative speed ( v ) between the
observer and the source ( c' = c +or- v ). A
quote from a sci. physics relativity news group discussion is an example of this
second version of special relativity. This quote is arguing that the Jupiter / Io charts and Roemer's delay do not
dispute Einstein's constant c statement.
Quote: SRT does not use relative speed between objects, despite Einstein's
suggestion in his introduction to his 1905 paper. Instead SRT uses speed of
objects relative to inertial reference systems.
Thus, according to SRT, light speed will be measured as c in any chosen
inertial frame; consequently the speed of a light ray relative to objects
that are moving in that frame with velocity v will be determined in that
frame as c-v ("closing speed"). Unquote
Returning to the English translation of Einstein's 1912 Manuscript on SR we
find a passage on page 66 that disputes the above quote and clarifies
Einstein's meaning concerning the speed of light in the vacuum of space.
Quote: " In case I, the velocity of light would depend on the state of motion of the
light source.
Light rays of most diverse propagation velocities would be
present at one and the same location at the same time. The physical properties
of light would not be determined, then, by the frequency alone, since the
wavelength and the frequency would be independent of each other; the light
originating from stars that are moving relative to us would have to be
physically distinguishable from the light originating from light sources at
rest. Experience has yielded nothing of the sort. The most convincing argument
against this point of view, which has been advocated by
Ritz, has been put
forward by the Dutch astronomer Pexider. Quote
Continued
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Quote Continued
The individual stars of stellar
systems (double stars) must have sent us light of different velocities during
different epochs of their orbits. Thus, the time of propagation of the light
from double stars to us would be different for different epochs. The temporal
sequence of the epochs as traced by us with the help of the Doppler principle
would be different from that in reality; a simple calculation shows that,
indeed, if the underlying hypothesis were borne out by the facts, the
indicated influence would have to be so considerable that it would have been
absolutely impossible for the astronomers to miss it. The untenability of this
conception can surely be viewed (assumed) as being definitively proved. "
Unquote
The passage of the above quote is essentially stating that the speed of all
starlight through the interstellar space travels at the same speed, c, towards
us, regardless of the speed of the star in relation to earth. This is clearly
refuted by the Jupiter / Io light speed data and charts presented with this
paper. The word (assumed) in the above quote
is added by this author to highlight the fact that Einstein's erroneous
conclusion, which is the basis for special and general relativity, is based on
this unfounded assumption.
Advocates of the variant form, Special Relativity II, that believe that
SR can continue to exist without the constant light speed assumption,... that
interstellar light speed is
not dependent on the speed of the source,... should not
assume that they have an argument with this paper. This author has not and
does not intend to address any variant forms of special or general relativity.
The clear single intent of presenting the Jupiter / Io light speed charts is to
show that these measurements refute the version of Einstein's statement claiming
that interstellar light is independent of the source and the observer's velocity,... and
refute Einstein's star light scenario in the above quote.
***
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The Special Relativity Advocates, listed
above and readers who may believe
that the SR concept is a "law" instead of just a
"theory",... need to closely review the following quotes from Einstein's
letters to his friends.
Circa 1913 Quote: If the velocity of light is only a tiny bit
dependent on the velocity of the light source, then my whole theory of
Relativity and Gravitation is false.
Unquote
Circa 1949 Quote: Now one may think that I am looking back on my life's
work with serene satisfaction. Viewed more closely however, it is quite
different. There is not a single concept of which I am certain that it will
stand the test of time. I am not sure that the concepts are on the right track
at all.
Unquote
Various English translations of these above quotes can be found on the
internet.
The 1913 quote is from a letter Einstein sent to Erwin Finley-Freundlich dated
August 1913.
The 1949 quote is Einstein's response to Maurice Solovine's letter of
congratulations on his 70th birthday.
The use of the universally recognized term "Inertial Space" demonstrates that
we already accept the fact that the medium which supports inertial force is
present, regardless of an object's speed or direction in
relation to sidereal space and Newton's inertial space. The medium supporting
inertia is the same medium supporting the isotropic characteristics of light
relative to its source, regardless of the source's speed or direction.
In this model of physical
systems, this medium is called Prime Force background radiation. A review of this web site's section on
...Inertia,... may lead to a
better understanding of how this model demonstrates the unity of matter and
Prime Force radiation (Pf),... and how it allows light in free space
to exhibit a constant speed in relation to each of its individual sources.
***
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In addition to Roemer's discovery there are
two other examples of EM radiation demonstrating that light speed is
constant in relation to it's non accelerating source,... and is not constant to all
observers regardless of their line of sight velocity relative to the
source.
One clear example is provided by a problem with data rates
between the
Cassini spacecraft and it's Titan lander Huygens. The fact that Doppler effects are
also utilized
between Earth and spacecraft is another sure indication that EM radiation
maintains " c " in relation to the source and not the
observer. When the radio carrier frequency of a spacecraft is known
and a Doppler shift or a change in a Doppler shift of the carrier and data
is observed, how is it possible to assume that the "free space
speed of the EM radiation" did not change in relation to the observer
(receiver) ?
This link from
IEEE provides a quote regarding the Cassini /
Huygens problem and the
repair required due to the lack of recognizing the Doppler effects of
relative EM radiation speed on the data rate.
or
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2001/cassini_010629.html
QUOTE: ESA IMMEDIATELY CONVENED AN
INQUIRY BOARD, with two NASA observers. One of them was Richard
Horttor, who was then JPL's telecommunications system engineer for the
Cassini project. He recalls, "We worked our way out by being
totally candid from top to bottom once we detected the problem. There
was no hesitancy or lack of resources. Nor was there any
'nation-to-nation finger-pointing.' "
The board discovered that Alenia Spazio SpA, the Rome-based company
that built the radio link, had properly anticipated the need to make
the receiver sensitive over a wide enough range of frequencies to
detect Huygens's carrier signal even when Doppler shifted. But it had
overlooked another subtle consequence: Doppler shift would affect not
just the frequency of the carrier wave that the probe's vital
observations would be transmitted on but also the digitally encoded
signal itself. In effect, the shift would push the signal out of synch
with the timing scheme used to recover data from the phase-modulated
carrier.
Because of Doppler shift, the frequency at which bits would be
arriving from Huygens would be significantly different from the
nominal data rate of 8192 bits per second. As the radio wave from the
lander was compressed by Doppler shift, the data rate would increase
as the length of each bit was reduced UNQUOTE
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In the above quote concerning Nasa's Titan
data test it is seen that the carrier frequency and the digital data
frequency displayed a Doppler effect. If that same transmitter was
parked on Jupiter's north pole you would see a repeat of Roemer's data
during Earth's orbital trip. In one case you have a light
train modulated by eclipse events, and in the radio case you have a
radio carrier modulated by digital data.
You cannot separate the speed and timing of the digital data bits from
the speed of the radio carrier.
A second example has been available on the web site
of B. G. Wallace using 1969 radar data to establish that light speed is
not constant for all observers. The information is available at:
http://www.ekkehard-friebe.de/wallace.htm
A detailed
description of the Doppler effect is available on the web at the URL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect
The frequency and period of Io's eclipse
events displays the Doppler effect in direct proportion to the relative
motion between the Earth and Jupiter, therefore the light train speed
relative to the Earth changes at the same rate.
Louis Essen's statements concerning Special Relativity:
Quote: " I concluded that the theory
is not a theory at all, but simply a number of contradictory assumptions
together with actual mistakes." L. Essen .
"The theory is so rigidly held that young scientists dare
not openly express their doubts."
"No one has attempted to refute my arguments but I was
warned that if I persisted I was likely to spoil my career prospects." Unquote
A Critical Analysis of "General" Relativity:
is provided at the Article :Force Doubling Paradox of
Gravitational Attraction
Radiation Pressure versus General Relativity
https://energy-gravity.com/DoblFrcPar.htm
This article provides a chain of clear simple logic that Universities,
Professors, US Government Administration, funding agencies, National Labs, NASA
and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) must ignore in order
to continue teaching and funding courses and projects based on Einstein's
Special and General Relativity.
Grade School Teachers and students will understand the articles presented
here and will soon realize that the Established Higher Education
Wizards are ignoring the facts and are deliberately continuing to teach our
children a falsified science from behind the curtain of authority in order to
maintain the status quo, and to refrain from admitting past errors. Societies
that teach a falsified and mummified science to maintain a status quo are
following the same path that led to censorship and the burning of books in
recently past generations. Truth and Inconvenient Facts have the brash
habit of coming to the surface without the proper regard for the authority of
the Wizards that try to bury and ignore the data to protect their self interest.
All reviews, comments and corrections for this Light Speed versus Special
Relativity article are welcome. Reviewers
wishing to challenge the viewpoint of this paper and show that courses on
Special and General Relativity theory should not be eliminated from our schools
and universities,... should first endeavor to prove that Olaf Roemer's 1003
second delay, continually demonstrated by the actions of Jupiter and Io,... does
not exist.
A hint from Will Rogers quotes may provide some relative light on this issue.
Quote: It isn't what we don't know that gives us trouble,...it's what we know for
sure,... that ain't so. Unquote ***
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