The Saxl and Allen work, Phy. Rev. D, 3:4: pg. 823-825 indicates
a 5% increase in local surface gravity during the eclipse and states
that this measured value is One Hundred Thousand Times (1X10^5)
greater than the expected change in gravity computed according to
the older theories. The paper also states: "Results of this order
of magnitude have been consistently observed in Harvard over a
period of 17 years."
It should be noted that older classical theories of gravity
do not predict any gravitational step perturbation whatsoever in
conjunction with any type of eclipse. With a radiation and
shadowing model of gravity the cause of the step increase, as
seen in this Saxl and Allen work, is readily evident from the
shadowing and planetary geometry.
Abstract from the Saxl and Allen paper: Quote
"1970 Solar Eclipse as "Seen" by a Torsion Pendulum"
"During the solar eclipse of 7 March 1970, readings were taken and recorded electronically of the times required for the torsion
pendulum to rotate through a given fixed part of its path, involving both clockwise and counterclockwise motions, on its first swing from
rest. Significant variations in these times were observed during the course of the eclipse
as well as in the hours just preceding and
just following the eclipse itself. Between the onset of the eclipse and its midpoint there is a steady increase in the observed times.
After the midpoint the times decrease suddenly and level off promptly to values considerably greater those observed before the eclipse. Furthermore, before the eclipse there is a periodic variation in
these times. This strange periodicity was essentially repeated two weeks later at the same hours, though the actual values were somewhat
greater than the earlier ones. These increases in actual values exceed by a factor of 10^5 those that can be explained by the
attraction of the moon due to its change in position relative to the Sun and Earth. All this leads to the conclusion that classical
gravitational theory needs to be modified to interpret these experimental facts".
Unquote
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GA 2 / 12
The following graph is a photocopy of Saxl's and Allen's graph
of :
Pendulum timing Vs the time of the eclipse duration.
URL https://energy-gravity.comsaxl_scn.jpg
1970 Solar Eclipse as "Seen" by a Torsion Pendulum
Quote: "Times (seconds) required to traverse the fixed part of the path of
oscillation (ordinates) Vs. the hour (Eastern Standard Time, EST) at which the observations
were made, from about 10 a.m. until nearly 4p.m. (abscissas ). The full line shows observations made on 7 March 1970, the day of the total
eclipse." Unquote
Ref:..1970 Solar Eclipse as "Seen" by a Torsion Pendulum
Saxl and Allen Phy. Rev. D Vol...3 No. 4 15 Feb. 1971
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GA 3 / 12
Quote "Conclusion (from Saxl and Allen via OCR program) "Quantitative observations made with a precise torsion pendulum
show, in agreement with many earlier less precise recordings made at Harvard since 1953, that the times required to traverse a fixed
fraction of its total angular path vary markedly during the hours before the eclipse and during its first half, i.e., up to its
midpoint. Also the significant changes in these times do not coincide exactly with the astronomically determined onset,
midpoint, and endpoint of the eclipse", (Note: marked a..b..c
respectively on the above graph.)
"These variations are too great to be explained, on the basis of classical gravitational theory, by the relative change in position of
the moon with respect to the earth and sun. This leads to the same conclusion arrived at by Allais, that classical gravitational theory
needs to be modified to interpret his (and our) experimental results. Moreover, the findings with the torsion pendulum, the significant mass
of which moves perpendicularly to the geogravitic vector, seem to indicate the possibility of a fine structure in these observations
neither predicted nor recorded using the orthodox methods of quasi-stationary gravitational investigations."
Unquote
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GA 4 / 12
Review Notes
Within a radiation shadowing model the sun is a black shadow
object in the gravitational spectrum and any object that passes between a location on the earth and the sun will be
lost in the area
of the umbra since the objects shielding (mass) cannot increase the gravitational shadow size or
density from that direction. If the Sun were not totally blocking the prime radiant flow, the
gravitational shadows of the sun and moon would combine for normal increased "attraction" and no pendulum
perturbations would occur. Since a local decrease of the overhead "attraction" of the sun and moon occurs
when the moon hides in the sun's totally black gravitational shadow, a real increase
in the earth's surface gravity results for the location within and moving with
the visual umbra. This effect would be most noticeable if the sun and moon were
directly overhead of the shadow location. The shadow would have to be normal (90
deg. & near the equator) to the surface of the earth to obtain the largest
possible increasing perturbation of the local surface gravity.
This same shadowing mechanism accounts for the tidal depressions
found under the moon's location when an eclipse is not occurring. The moon's shadowing does not allow maximum gravitational radiation
flow into the earth. Therefore, the earth's surface gravity is reduced when the moon is directly overhead. Reduced surface gravity in a
location results in a depression in plastic or liquid matter. Highest tides are not directly under the moon. The high tide effects
result from the moon's gravity vector components acting tangentially to the oceans surface where the two
zenith gravity vectors are not in
opposing parallel.
With this view in mind it can be seen that an eclipse shadow near polar areas would not cause an increased
surface gravity perturbation normal (90 deg. ) to the earth's surface. For the
Earth's areas out side of the eclipse shadow the Moon's gravitational effect
exists. For areas within the eclipse shadow the Moon has temporarily
disappeared. Therefore, within the shadow of the
eclipse the earth's plastic crust forms a bulge that conforms to a gravitational equipotential
surface satisfying the inverse radius squared rule. Although counter intuitive, high gravity areas will
cause bulges, not
depressions, in liquid or plastic surfaces. The rising movement from a depression to a bulge will cause an inertial force downward
on the pendulum. Thus increased gravity and the inertial force resulted in the total
increased gravitational force perturbation as shown by Saxl and Allen's torsion
pendulum.
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GA 5 / 12
It is also apparent that the step increase of the eclipse is equal to the change resulting from the position of the moon changing to the opposite
side of the earth. When the moon is on the opposite side from the pendulum it has no effect on the surface gravity at the pendulum,
since the moon is completely hidden gravitationally by the size of the earth's black gravitational shadow.
In the eclipse case the Moon is hidden within the Sun's gravitational black
shadow.
A radiation and shadowing model is the only known physical model
that correctly predicts a perturbation during an eclipse and the characteristics
of the tides. In that model there is a clear mechanical cause
and effect logic that predicts the perturbation. The model also predicts a similar perturbation of the
moon's surface gravity and an orbital path perturbation during a lunar eclipse. It is possible that
the general recognition of these fundamental characteristics of gravity will lead to application experiments for interacting with
the effects of gravitational and inertial forces upon an object without the need to rely on an inertial propellant mass.
There was also a time when we did not know how to interact with the remote
forces of the nuclear, magnetic, electrostatic, inductive and EM radiation phenomena. Can there be physical science work of more
importance than obtaining an understanding of these perturbations and seeking interaction with the remote forces of gravity and inertia?
An absence of topographical gravity variations on black
shadow planets is a characteristic inherent in this theory.
Small surface gravity variations would be expected on
planets such as Earth, whose shadows are partially black and
gray. Significant variations should appear on planets that
are smaller than Earth and not large enough to shield all
radiation and project no black shadow areas.
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GA 6 / 12
Mariner 9 tracking data shows that significant
topographical gravity variations do occur on Mars. If Mars
had an ocean there would be a two kilometer variation in sea
level near the equator. J. Eberhart's work "A Matter of
Gravity" reported in Sci. News , October 18, 1975 gives
this data, and a map of the Mars gravity variations, FIGURE
3. The equipotential map shows the difference in sea level
in kilometers that would exist if Mars was covered with
water. The positive equipotential lines indicate sea level
areas above normal due to high gravity. The negative
equipotential lines indicate areas of weak gravity and low
sea level. The two kilometer differential between the valley
and peak of this imaginary sea on Mars is equal to 6,580
feet for comparison with our familiar local mountains. It is
interesting to realize that one could not surf downhill on
this 6,580 foot mountain of water.
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GA 7 / 12
Another predictable characteristic of this radiant shadow
theory for gravity is symmetrical variations in gravity. If
there is a path through a planet that results in dark or
light shadowing, similar variations should appear at each
end of the path. There are high gravity spots 180 degrees
apart and low gravity spots 145 degrees apart on the Mars
map. There is no explanation for this characteristic in the
classical theory of gravity.
The two following thumbnail images are another version of the map
showing the gravitational anomalies for Mars. The right image has been
inverted in order that the anomalies that are on opposing sides of the planet
can be compared. The large red anomaly in the lower right quadrant of the right
image is geometrically on the opposing side of the planet in relation to the
lower right quadrant of the left image. The original images are available
from NASA's URL
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/global/PIA02817.html
Mars Gravity Anomalies , Click to enlarge
When the right image is printed on a transparency and placed
over the left image, a very close comparison is seen between the shapes of the
two large anomalies in the lower right quadrant. It would be expected that the
anomalies would be identical if Mars had a completely homogeneous interior.
These above maps of the gravitational anomalies of Mars have been obtained
through the rather course process of a satellites radio signal analysis. It is
expected that a better understanding of the gravitational shadowing variations
will occur when and if actual satellite gravity measurements are
available.
Earth's Gravity Anomalies: Since planet Earth is not large enough to have a totally black
shadow and the limited maximum system gravity, some variations in sea level should be
apparent. Any angular paths through the Earth that pass through lighter material
should yield a lower sea level than the dark shadow areas. Because the majority
of the shadow is black, variations in density should be muted. M. Parke, T.
Dixon, and K. Hussey of JPL Labs report variations of 200 meters in the Earth's
sea level. The data was obtained from NASA'S 1978 Seasat satellite.
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The European Space Agency (ESA) has produced a new and improved
map of the Earth's gravity field,July, 2010 AD...This map
accentuates the symmetrical matching gravity anomalies which occur on opposing
sides of Earth. A radiation system of gravity is the only
theory of gravity that predicts the occurrence of this matching characteristic.
It is expected that the -100 and +80 seen on the color legend of this map should
have the unit of meters included. This would correspond to the above 1979 Seasat
data.
The unmodified version of this gravity map may still be
available at site:
https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2010/06/goce_first_global_gravity_model/10084403-2-eng-GB/GOCE_first_global_gravity_model_pillars.jpg
While the topographical gravity variations are interesting,
a major revelation in this Earth data is that the variations
are ten times smaller than those on Mars and the Moon. The
black shadow shielding (total) masks any variations
with ray paths perpendicular to the surface.
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GA 9 / 12
Moons Gravity Map
This topographical gravity map for the moon demonstrates
the large gravity anomalies that are ten times larger that
those found on Earth. The anomaly variations for the Moon
and Mars are in the range of 1000+ milli gals (1 gal = 1cm/s/s) . This delta
measurement of
1000+ milli gals is approximately
equal to one tenth of one percent of the Earths surface gravity.
If or when any satellite gravity data becomes available
for any of the large black shadow planets, it is expected
that the gravitational variations would yet be smaller than
those of Earths. If significant variations do exist on the
ringed planets they should be reflected in the shape of the
rings. The orbital tracking of the ring matter is the same
as satellite tracking of the Mars variations.
There is an unexpected difference in the tidal effect of
the Sun and Moon. During a solar eclipse it is obvious that
the projected areas of the Moon and Sun are nearly identical
when viewed from the Earth's surface. If the Moon and Sun
had gravity shadows with the same average density (DENSARE),
the static gravitational force from each would be equal, due
to the projected areas being equal at the Earth's position.
Since the DENSARE of the Sun is 169 times that of the
Moon's, the Sun's tidal effect is expected to be 169 times
that of the Moon's. For the readers accustomed to the 1/R
squared gravity calculations, the resulting multiplier is
179 for the mass data used here. Contrary to this
expectation the tide tables show that the tidal action of
the Moon is significantly greater than the Sun's.
It appears that the greater amplitude of the Moon's tidal
oscillation may be caused by the larger variation of the
Moon's gravitational effect for each daily rotation of the
Earth. When the distance from a point on the Earth's surface
to the Moon is changed by one Earth diameter during each
rotation, the Moon's projected area changes approximately 3
percent. A 3 percent change in area translates directly into
a three percent variation in the Moon's gravitational force
since it is Densare times area. When the same calculation is
made for the Sun the change is essentially zero percent
since the Sun is about 400 times further away. In any
mechanical system a variable force is necessary to build and
sustain an oscillation. In the classical gravity field
theory this variation would be due to the gravity gradient
and relative displacement with the Earth's rotation.
The black shadow feature of the Earth's radiant geometry
provides a second variable force in the tidal system driven
by the Sun and Moon. As the Earth's rotation takes a sea
into and out of the black shadow shielding area, the sea is
subjected to the maximum variation in force available in
relation to the projected gravitational shadows of the Sun
and Moon. The gray shadow fringe area of the Earth's
shielding provides a gradual transition from the
no-shielding area to the full shielding of the black shadow
area. As a sea passes through the black shadow shielding
area it is nearly completely shielded from the gravitational
effects of the Sun or Moon on the opposing side.
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GA 10 / 12
The following physical characteristics are readily
predicted by this radiant pressure model for gravity.
Some have been shown to exist with this paper. Others should
be seen with a minimum of investigative efforts.
- Unbalanced force "apparantly" acting through a
distance does exist in radiant
space.
- All "apparantly remote" forces actually arise "locally" from an
unbalanced radiant flow.
- All "apparantly remote" forces follow the inverse
distance squared law of
shadowing geometry.
- Shadowing geometry occurs only within a radiant field.
-
- Gravity or radiant pressure unbalance
does increase in proportion to the
amount of shielding with
increasing planet diameter and
density.
- Planet diameters do become large
enough to stop all opposing flow
through the planet.
- All objects fall at the same
acceleration.
- Apparent planetary weight becomes
proportional to cross sectional area
when all opposing flow is stopped.
- A common surface gravity limit does
exist for these black shadow
planets.
- Matter shielding or apparent weight
loss does occur for these black
shadow planets.
-
- Topographical "gravity"
variations do exist on planets of
less than black shadow size.
- Gravity anomalies occur during an eclipse.
- Gravity variations are obscured on
planets of black shadow size.
- Gravity shadowing variations must show
a form of directional symmetry.
- Radiant space does provide a sink for
EM radiant energy,( 377 ohms).
- Matter's gravitational radiation impedance rate increases with depth
due to interference via
reflection.
The Planetary weight shielding and limited surface
gravity phenomenon are held to be independent proofs of
the radiant pressure concept of remote force. Thus, the
previously unexplained "attractive" force acting through a
distance between bodies, is not an incomprehensible inherent
attractive
characteristic of matter,...but, is the shadowing property of
radiant space and matter.
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GA 11 / 12
Reference:
E. Saxl and Mildred Allen, 1970 Solar Eclipse as "Seen" by a Torsion Pendulum
E. Saxl and M. Allen, J.Appl. Phys. 40,2499 (1969).
M. Allen and E.J. Saxl, J.Appl. Phys. 40 2505 (1969).
W. A. Heiskanen and F. A. Vening Meiness,
THE EARTH AND ITS GRAVITY FIELD
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958, p. 120
Maurice F. C. Allais. Aerospace Eng. 18 46 (1959)
Ullakko, K; Liu, Yong; and Xie, Zeliang
The 1990 Solar Eclipse as Seen by a Torsion Pendulum
(SEE N92-10362 01-70)
David Bohm, Wholeness and the Implicate Order
Michael Talbot, The Holographic Universe
Radiant Pressure Model of Remote Forces, S. Byers,
URL
http://energy-gravity.com
http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2010/06/goce_depicts_gravity_in_high_r.html
Web page address URL
https://energy-gravity.com/grav11d.htm
Web site by: sbyers11@comcast.net
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